1 %%\subsection{Recommended cipher suites}
3 In principle system administrators who want to improve their communication security
4 have to make a difficult decision between effectively locking out some users and
5 keeping high cipher suite security while supporting as many users as possible.
6 The website \url{https://www.ssllabs.com/} gives administrators and security engineers
7 a tool to test their setup and compare compatibility with clients. The authors made
8 use of ssllabs.com to arrive at a set of cipher suites which we will recommend
9 throughout this document.
11 %\textbf{Caution: these settings can only represent a subjective
12 %choice of the authors at the time of writing. It might be a wise choice to
13 %select your own and review cipher suites based on the instructions in section
14 %\ref{section:ChoosingYourOwnCipherSuites}}.
17 \subsubsection{Configuration A: Strong ciphers, fewer clients}
19 At the time of writing, our recommendation is to use the following set of strong cipher
20 suites which may be useful in an environment where one does not depend on many,
21 different clients and where compatibility is not a big issue. An example
22 of such an environment might be machine-to-machine communication or corporate
23 deployments where software that is to be used can be defined without restrictions.
26 We arrived at this set of cipher suites by selecting:
30 \item Perfect forward secrecy / ephemeral Diffie Hellman
31 \item strong MACs (SHA-2) or
32 \item GCM as Authenticated Encryption scheme
35 This results in the OpenSSL string:
38 'EDH+aRSA+AES256:EECDH+aRSA+AES256:!SSLv3'
41 %$\implies$ resolves to
44 %openssl ciphers -V $string
49 %\todo{make a column for cipher chaining mode} --> not really important, is it?
52 \begin{tabular}{lllllll}
54 \textbf{ID} & \textbf{OpenSSL Name} & \textbf{Version} & \textbf{KeyEx} & \textbf{Auth} & \textbf{Cipher} & \textbf{MAC}\\\cmidrule(lr){1-7}
55 \verb|0x009F| & DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 & TLSv1.2 & DH & RSA & AESGCM(256) & AEAD \\
56 \verb|0x006B| & DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA256 & TLSv1.2 & DH & RSA & AES(256) (CBC) & SHA256 \\
57 \verb|0xC030| & ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 & TLSv1.2 & ECDH & RSA & AESGCM(256) & AEAD \\
58 \verb|0xC028| & ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384 & TLSv1.2 & ECDH & RSA & AES(256) (CBC) & SHA384 \\
64 \paragraph*{Compatibility:}
66 At the time of this writing only Win 7 and Win 8.1 crypto stack,
67 OpenSSL $\ge$ 1.0.1e, Safari 6 / iOS 6.0.1 and Safar 7 / OS X 10.9
68 are covered by that cipher string.
70 In case you need to support other/different clients, see information
71 about choosing your own cipher string in section
72 \ref{section:ChoosingYourOwnCipherSuites}.
74 \subsubsection{Configuration B: Weaker ciphers but better compatibility}
76 In this section we propose a slightly weaker set of cipher suites. For
77 example, there are known weaknesses for the SHA-1 hash function that is
78 included in this set. The advantage of this set of cipher suites is not only
79 better compatibility with a broad range of clients, but also less computational
80 workload on the provisioning hardware.
83 \textbf{All further examples in this publication use Configuration B}.\\
85 We arrived at this set of cipher suites by selecting:
88 \item TLS 1.2, TLS 1.1, TLS 1.0
89 \item allowing SHA-1 (see the comments on SHA-1 in section \ref{section:SHA})
92 This results in the OpenSSL string:
94 %'EDH+CAMELLIA:EDH+aRSA:EECDH+aRSA+AESGCM:EECDH+aRSA+SHA384:EECDH+aRSA+SHA256:EECDH:+CAMELLIA256:+AES256:+CAMELLIA128:+AES128:+SSLv3:!aNULL:!eNULL:!LOW:!3DES:!MD5:!EXP:!PSK:!SRP:!DSS:!RC4:!SEED:!ECDSA:CAMELLIA256-SHA:AES256-SHA:CAMELLIA128-SHA:AES128-SHA'
99 \todo{make a column for cipher chaining mode}
101 \begin{tabular}{lllllll}
103 \textbf{ID} & \textbf{OpenSSL Name} & \textbf{Version} & \textbf{KeyEx} & \textbf{Auth} & \textbf{Cipher} & \textbf{MAC}\\\cmidrule(lr){1-7}
104 \verb|0x009F| & DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 & TLSv1.2 & DH & RSA & AESGCM(256) & AEAD \\
105 \verb|0x006B| & DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA256 & TLSv1.2 & DH & RSA & AES(256) & SHA256 \\
106 \verb|0xC030| & ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 & TLSv1.2 & ECDH & RSA & AESGCM(256) & AEAD \\
107 \verb|0xC028| & ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384 & TLSv1.2 & ECDH & RSA & AES(256) & SHA384 \\
108 \verb|0x009E| & DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 & TLSv1.2 & DH & RSA & AESGCM(128) & AEAD \\
109 \verb|0x0067| & DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256 & TLSv1.2 & DH & RSA & AES(128) & SHA256 \\
110 \verb|0xC02F| & ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 & TLSv1.2 & ECDH & RSA & AESGCM(128) & AEAD \\
111 \verb|0xC027| & ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256 & TLSv1.2 & ECDH & RSA & AES(128) & SHA256 \\
112 \verb|0x0088| & DHE-RSA-CAMELLIA256-SHA & SSLv3 & DH & RSA & Camellia(256) & SHA1 \\
113 \verb|0x0039| & DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA & SSLv3 & DH & RSA & AES(256) & SHA1 \\
114 \verb|0xC014| & ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA & SSLv3 & ECDH & RSA & AES(256) & SHA1 \\
115 \verb|0x0045| & DHE-RSA-CAMELLIA128-SHA & SSLv3 & DH & RSA & Camellia(128) & SHA1 \\
116 \verb|0x0033| & DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA & SSLv3 & DH & RSA & AES(128) & SHA1 \\
117 \verb|0xC013| & ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA & SSLv3 & ECDH & RSA & AES(128) & SHA1 \\
118 \verb|0x0084| & CAMELLIA256-SHA & SSLv3 & RSA & RSA & Camellia(256) & SHA1 \\
119 \verb|0x0035| & AES256-SHA & SSLv3 & RSA & RSA & AES(256) & SHA1 \\
120 \verb|0x0041| & CAMELLIA128-SHA & SSLv3 & RSA & RSA & Camellia(128) & SHA1 \\
121 \verb|0x002F| & AES128-SHA & SSLv3 & RSA & RSA & AES(128) & SHA1 \\
126 \paragraph*{Compatibility: }
128 Note that these cipher suites will not work with Windows XP's crypto stack (e.g. IE, Outlook),
129 %%Java 6, Java 7 and Android 2.3. Java 7 could be made compatible by installing the "Java
130 %%Cryptography Extension (JCE) Unlimited Strength Jurisdiction Policy Files"
131 %%(JCE) \footnote{\url{http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/jce-7-download-432124.html}}.
132 We could not verify yet if installing JCE also fixes the Java 7
133 DH-parameter length limitation (1024 bit).
136 \paragraph*{Explanation: }
138 For a detailed explanation of the cipher suites chosen, please see
139 \ref{section:ChoosingYourOwnCipherSuites}. In short, finding a single perfect cipher
140 string is practically impossible and there must be a tradeoff between compatibility and security.
141 On the one hand there are mandatory and optional ciphers defined in a few RFCs,
142 on the other hand there are clients and servers only implementing subsets of the
145 Straight forward, the authors wanted strong ciphers, forward secrecy
146 \footnote{\url{http://nmav.gnutls.org/2011/12/price-to-pay-for-perfect-forward.html}}
147 and the best client compatibility possible while still ensuring a cipher string that can be
148 used on legacy installations (e.g. OpenSSL 0.9.8).
150 Our recommended cipher strings are meant to be used via copy and paste and need to work
154 \item TLSv1.2 is preferred over TLSv1.0 (while still providing a useable cipher
155 string for TLSv1.0 servers).
156 \item AES256 and CAMELLIA256 count as very strong ciphers at the moment.
157 \item AES128 and CAMELLIA128 count as strong ciphers at the moment
158 \item DHE or ECDHE for forward secrecy
159 \item RSA as this will fit most of today's setups
160 \item AES256-SHA as a last resort: with this cipher at the end, even server
161 systems with very old OpenSSL versions will work out of the box (version 0.9.8 for example does not
162 provide support for ECC and TLSv1.1 or above). \newline
163 Note however that this cipher suite will not provide forward secrecy. It
164 is meant to provide the same client coverage (eg. support Microsoft crypto
165 libraries) on legacy setups.